“Self-Ownership”: A Critique.
(1) Ownership is a relational concept that implies a relationship between the owner and the thing owned. Of course, the mere fact that a concept denotes a relationship does not exclude the possibility of self-referential relationships, e.g. a doctor treating himself, and that self-ownership is just an instance of that. But observe that the doctor does not treat himself qua doctor but qua patient. So that person is doctor in one respect and patient in another respect, and the relationship is between these two. Such, however, is not possible in the case of “self-ownership”. Between what aspects of man’s nature is there a relationship of ownership? Since ownership designates the right to sovereignly dispose of the owned, what in man owns what in him? The only possible answer that comes to my mind is: his mind owns his body. But this implies an invalid mind/body dichotomy. Therefore, “self-ownership” is an invalid concept. At best, it is a bad metaphor for the fact that human being are sovereign entities that direct their own course.
(2) This brings me to the second point: the purpose of this invalid concept. Usually, libertarians use the so-called “self-ownership axiom” as the foundation of their political philosophy (to the extent that they have one): Man is a self-owner, to deny this implies a self-contradiction (thus “axiom”), therefore his rights/his freedom may not be infringed. Observe however, that this kind of faulty reasoning is only made possible by the term “self-ownership” which actually package-deals two different ways in which you can talk about “freedom”. For the purpose of this discussion, I call the first “metaphysical freedom” and the second “political freedom”. What I mean by metaphysical freedom simply is free will. I have the freedom to act as I will, I direct my own course and actions by choice.
Now, how are these two distinct concepts package-dealt? Observe that ownership is a political concept, it denotes my right to dispose of the owned as I please. And to have this right respected is a significant precondition for political freedom. However, when libertarians talk about self-ownership, they more often than not refer to “metaphysical freedom”, and this is also where the notion of “self-ownership” as an axiom comes from. For free will is indeed axiomatic: you cannot deny it without committing a self-contradiction. But in labeling this kind of freedom “self-ownership”, libertarians blurr the distinction between metaphysical and political freedom and thus are able to assert that just because we have free will, we should be politically free. Which is a non sequitur. Just because we can direct our own actions by choice does not automatically mean that we have the right to do so. Such a right needs to be grounded philosophically in an account of human nature and ethics. By using the package-deal “self-ownership”, libertarians try to get around that.
Add comment October 26, 2008
My Schedule for the Winter
Monday
> 10-12, Lecture: “Early Modern Europe” (Franz)
> 12-14, Lecture: “Theories, Methods and Tendencies of Historical Science: An International Survey” (Raphael)
> 14-16, Study Project: “Religious Women in the Middle Ages” (Burgard)
Tuesday
> 10-12, Lecture: “Concept and History of the Virtues” (Bermes)
> 12-14, Lecture: “Elites and Ruling Classes in 20th Century Germany” (Reitmayer)
> 14-16, Lecture: “German 20th Century Philosophy” (Welsen)
> 16-18, Seminar: “Hume and Kant on Causality” (Dörflinger)
> 18-20, Language Course: “Ancient Greek” (Schwind)
Wednesday
> 14-16, Seminar: “Theories of Self-Consciousness” (Welsen)
> 16-18, Lecture: “Introduction to the Foundations, Theories and Methods of Historical Science” (Schäfer)
Thursday
> 18-20, Language Course: “Ancient Greek” (Schwind)
Friday
> 10-12, Lecture: “Modern Constitutional History” (Schnabel-Schüle)
> 12-14, Exercise Course: “Everyday Life in 15th Century France: Le Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris” (Voltmer)
* * *
And perhaps I am going to add another four hours of a Greek tutorial.
2 comments October 20, 2008
The Purpose of Societal Organization
The doctrine of the social contract is wrong insofar as it states that men primarily organize themselves into a society in order to see themselves/their rights secured in the face of other men. Protection of his rights is not the principal value society can offer man. The purpose of societal organization is not the prevention of negatives but the promotion of positives. Society is beneficial to man because it offers him the possibility of trade in goods and knowledge, and thus enables cooperation by division of labor and specialization — which is life-enhancing. Society enables man to be more productive and more purposeful since it allows him to concentrate on certain goals and purposes by relieving him — through trade — of splitting up his energy too much on too great a number of (otherwise) necessary goals/purposes.
A political order protective of man’s rights is of course an important aspect of societal organization and a necessary precondition for the realization of society’s principal value. But it is not an end in itself since such a political system is only of value because it is beneficial to man in his pursuit of his life and happiness.
1 comment October 2, 2008
“Market Failure” vs. Individualism
The term “market failure” implies an anti-individualistic premise. The market is nothing but the individuals interacting on it for purposes of trade and mutual cooperation according to the best judgment of their reasoning minds. To say that “the market has failed” is equivalent to saying that all or a significant portion of individuals on the market have failed. Of course, individual failures can happen since man’s rational faculty is not infallible. Just as an overindulgence when shopping can make you unable to pay your rent, so the misjudgments of a CEO can make a whole company crash.
However, the proponents of “market failure” do not only claim that people are fallible and can make mistakes — they deny that people can ever get it right (which is a non-sequitur). When they claim that “markets failed”, what they in effect say is this: The people who act on these markets are by their very nature incompetent to do so, their minds are immature and inherently unable to reach the right conclusions, and therefore it is necessary that someone wiser — the government — take care of them, tell them what is best for them, and superintend what they do. This is properly called the nanny state, since government bureaucrats under such a system indeed do regard their “fellow citizens” as unthinking little children that desperately need their guidance and disciplinatory measures.
Therefore, whenever you hear someone claiming that “markets failed”, you should remember that he is insulting your intelligence and questioning your ability to freely lead your own life according to your best rational judgment. The only appropriate reaction to any such attempt at putting you or anyone else under government tutelage is: to proudly reject it.
1 comment September 24, 2008
Ayn Rand on natural sciences vs humanities
This is just a short note or reminder to myself, and to anyone who might be interested, since I find the following very interesting. At OCON some of us discussed whether it is legitimate to split human knowledge into the natural sciences on the one hand and the humanities or Geisteswissenschaften on the other hand, especially in the way which it is done – because it usually comes down to denying that the humanities are sciences.
Now, I found a very brief statement by Ayn Rand on this issue, which I want to put here without further comment:
“Growing from a common root, which is philosophy, man’s knowledge branches out in two directions. One branch studies the physical world or the phenomena pertaining to man’s physical existence; the other studies man or the phenomena of his consciousness. The first leads to abstract science, which leads to applied sience or engineering, which leads to technology–to the actual production of material values. The second leads to art.
Art is the technology of the soul.”
(Ayn Rand: The Romantic Manifesto, p. 169.)
4 comments August 20, 2008
Emergencies and Range of Tolerance
I find it quite interesting to try to understand what an emergency situation is by means of a biological approach. In German, there is a word called “Toleranzbereich”. I do not know what the technical term is in English, but it could be roughly translated as “range of tolerance”. This concept denotes the physical or environmental circumstances in which an organism, given its particular physiological and psychological needs and its particular capacities for fulfilling these needs, is able to function and thrive. For example, a fish, by its nature, needs to live in water. It cannot survive on land because it does not have the capacities to adapt itself to the conditions on land so that it can still fulfill its needs. Man, too, is an organism with a specific range of tolerance. His environment must be structured in a specific way for him to be able to function properly.
An emergency is a situation where the conditions under which an organism, e.g. man, can live and flourish are no longer the case. Therefore, I would argue that what an emergency is can be best understand by reference to the concept of “range of tolerance”: Everything that falls into this range of tolerance are an organism’s normal conditions of living; everything that falls outside of this range would constitute an emergency.
The interesting thing about man is that he has the power to reshape the world according to his needs, i.e. he has the power to bring the world/his environment into his specific range of tolerance. However, this also means that he can do the opposite: He can reshape the world so that it will be inimical to his needs, that it falls outside of his range of tolerance. Man can create “artificial” emergencies, such as totalitarian dictatorships or wars.
The primary purpose of the science of ethics is to define principles according to which the volitional being “man” has to use his capacities for action in order to satisfy his needs under normal conditions, because he, by definition, is unable to survive (at least in the long-range) under any other circumstances. This is (1) why ethical guidance in emerency situations is difficult, if not outright impossible, because man’s capacities for action are wholly inadequate for such situations, and (2) why the only proper ethical principle applicable in an emergency situation is: restore normal conditions, i.e. do everything to return into your specific range of tolerance, as soon as possible.
It is, as a concluding sidenote, pretty interesting that man’s mode of life/survival — a mode of life/survival is an organism’s application of its specific capacities for action to satisfying its specific physiological and psychological needs — includes the expansion of the actual existence (or prevalence) of the normal conditions of his survival. Which means: Reshaping his environment so that it falls into his specific range of tolerance is not something man somehow does along the way, as a secondary issue besides surviving, but it forms a core part of his specific mode of life.
—
It must be added, however, that this is a relatevely new approach for me; and thus my position is still preliminary. There is still some thinking to do, e.g. concerning the status of things like heart-attacks which, too, pose an emergency to the organism, but arguably not due to environmental or outside circumstances where the organism’s capacities for satisfying its needs prove inadequate, but rather because the organism loses some of these capacities and therefore can no longer satisfy its needs/pursue its specific mode of life.
6 comments May 3, 2008
US/German friendly fire?
At present there is an issue that interests me very much in a theoretical as well as practical respect. The German news magazin Spiegel Online reported on the case of Gholam Ghaus Z. who is a German citizen and presently in US captivity in Afghanistan. Z., who was on a visit to family members in Kabul, was arrested in Kabul while trying to buy a razor at a local US army grocery store. The fact that he was in possession of approximately 1000 Euro in different currencies and several phone cards led the US army to suspect that he could be a terrorist. However, according to the German government, several interrogations and checking of Z.’s life context in Germany did not lead to a confirmation of that suspicion. The US government on the other hand is only willing to release him if the German government is willing to establish a de facto 24 hour surveillance of Z., which the German government refuses to do on grounds that such a violation of Z.’s right to liberty were absolutely unwarranted without any evidence or indication of his being a terrorist.
Now, what interests me, is the question: How is this conflict amongst otherwise friendly governments to be resolved? Of course, it is the legitimate purpose of the US government to protect the rights and security of its own citizens. But the German government has the same purpose. Obviously, the main problem is the different assessment of the case of Z. in the eyes of the German and the US government.
From the point of view of the German government, the US government illegitimately holds captive one of its citizens. What then is the German government morally obliged to do if the US government is not willing to release the German citizen? By what means can this conflict between otherwise friendly governments resolved in case that a common assessment of Z.’s case will not be achieved?
And more generally: By what means are possibly fatal errors of knowledge leading to conflict in the dealings of two (more or less) free and sovereign nations to be avoided and dealt with?
I would be intrigued to hear your answers.
3 comments April 20, 2008
At the Ballet: Polina Semionova
Polina Semionova is a Russian ballet dancer at the Berliner Staatsoper. A few years ago she recorded a video of her dancing which let me to discover ballet as the great form of art it is, and as something I very much want to learn more about in the future.
When watching the video, please of observe the following items. For me, they are very striking and admirable: the subtly defined musculature; the utter and seemingly effortless control over every movement of her body; the incredible grace and naturalness she is moving with despite that total conscious control; the powerful expression of her body language, of her gestures and facial expressions; the literal unfolding of all that beauty during the whole video, and her smile at 1:55.
This is celebrating the human body.
Add comment April 17, 2008
Weekly Schedule for Next Semester
After having finished off the third university paper for last semester, I thought it was about time to create the weekly schedule for the summer semester which is about to begin on Monday. And here it is:
* * *
Monday
4-6 p.m. — Seminar: Expansion and Crisis of the European Welfare States since the 1960s (Raphael)
Tuesday
10-12 a.m. — Lecture: A History of Roman Citizenship from 500 BC to 300 AD (Coskun)
2-4 p.m. — Lecture: Early Modern Philosophy (Welsen)
Wednesday
10-12 a.m. — Lecture: The Renaissance of the 12th Century (Beach)
2-4 p.m. — Seminar: Edmund Husserl. Expression and Meaning (Welsen)
Thursday
10-12 a.m. — Lecture: Industrialization (Frie)
noon-2 p.m. — Proseminar: Arnold Gehlen. Anthropological Analyses (Welsen)
[2-4 p.m. -- Lecture: Science and Its Heretics (Fischer) ... I'm not sure yet.]
4-6 p.m. — Tutorial: Territorialization in the Middle Ages (Burgard)
Friday
10-12 a.m. — Proseminar: Kant on Lying (Kugelstadt)
* * *
This semester I am not going to do as much as I did during the last semesters since there are two intermediate exams — one in history, and one in philosophy — still on my to do list, too. But I hope it’s going to be interesting nonetheless.
2 comments April 3, 2008